• br Discussion Hepatic dysfunction in the metabolic

  2024-04-03

  

  Discussion Hepatic dysfunction in the metabolic syndrome is a driver of negative patient outcomes that requires more therapeutic options. The complexity of liver alterations in this disease – elevated de novo synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, reduced clearance of circulating atherogenic L

• In addition AMPK reduces protein synthesis and

  2024-04-03

  

  In addition, AMPK reduces protein synthesis and stimulates apoptotic and autophagic pathways through the inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which regulates cellular metabolic homeostasis, insulin secretion, insulin resistance, autophagy and apoptosis (Maiese, 2016). mTOR is th

• Adiponectin also works on AdipoR inducing extracellular Ca i

  2024-04-02

  

  Adiponectin also works on AdipoR1, inducing extracellular Ca2+ influx necessary for activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK)β, AMPK (Fig. 1). This step is then followed by activation of SirT1 and increased expression and decreased acetylation of PPARγ coactivator (PGC)-1

• Our results using RT PCR

  2024-04-02

  

  Our results using RT-PCR confirm earlier findings (Wilisch et al., 1999, Bruno et al., 2004) including the presence of both the P3A+ and P3A− isoforms of the α-subunit (Beeson et al., 1990). The lack of detection of the ε-subunit mRNAs in some thymomas, and lack of α-, β-, δ- and γ-subunit mRNAs by

• These results from the present

  2024-04-02

  

  These results from the present study are summarized in Table 1. Eight drugs (doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, irinotecan, imatinib, sunitinib and gefitinib) inhibited 5-HT-induced 5-HT3A and 5-HT3AB currents; three (irinotecan, topotecan and mitoxantrone) showed different responses

• br Funding br Ethics br Conflict of

  2024-04-02

  

  Funding Ethics Conflict of interest Acknowledgements Introduction Hepatic fibrosis occurs in response to different etiologies of chronic liver injury, which is mainly accompanied by pathological l-name of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) of the liver, as the common reaction of mu

• Since innate immune responses represent the first defense

  2024-04-02

  

  Since innate immune responses represent the first defense against incoming infectious microorganisms, they are particularly engaged during the early stages of viral infections. Many innate defense mechanisms rely on the engagement of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are conserved, germ lin

• br Secreted enzymes Only two secreted

  2024-04-02

  

  Secreted enzymes Only two secreted S. aureus enzymes reportedly induce apoptosis, namely, staphylococcal staphopain B (SspB) and coagulase. SspB selectively cleaved CD11b/CD18 integrin and induced an apoptosis-like cell death in neutrophils and monocytes (Smagur et al., 2009). Neutrophils or mono

• Thiol are reduced by two major redox systems glutathione glu

  2024-04-02

  

  Thiol are reduced by two major redox systems, glutathione/glutaredoxin (GRX) and thioredoxin (TRX), which have been extensively studied in plants [13], [14], [15]. Glutathione, a thiol-containing tripeptide, exists in a reduced (GSH) or an oxidized form (GSSG). It has a major role as a redox buffer.

• Kim et al found that hydroxydopamine OHDA promoted

  2024-04-01

  

  Kim et al. (2013) found that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) promoted the atrophy of dopaminergic neurons associated with the activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), the translocation of apoptosis inductor factor (AIF) and the depletion of ATP. An increase in p-AMPK and pS6K (upstream kinase o

• In human epidermoid carcinoma A cells lipoxygenase was signi

  2024-04-01

  

  In human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells, 12-lipoxygenase was significantly increased in glutathione-depleted cells. The relative abundance of phospholipid hydroperoxide versus glutathione peroxidase seems to play an important role in controlling the lipoxygenase reaction [57]. It has been proposed

• We next developed a system for staging severity Our guiding

  2024-04-01

  

  We next developed a system for staging severity. Our guiding principles were the following. Two types of information about the research participant are staged independently from each other: (1) grading disease severity using biomarkers and (2) grading the severity of cognitive impairment. Measures u

• The AHR potentially enhances IDO expression possibly via cro

  2024-04-01

  

  The AHR potentially enhances IDO-expression, possibly via crosstalk with several inflammatory signaling pathways (shown by now for IL6 and ‘signal transducer and activator of transcription’ (STAT) 3, and for NFκB, toll like receptor-pathways) [56,59,60]. IDO metabolizes Trp to kynurenines, which are

• To this the evidence of opposite effects of

  2024-04-01

  

  To this, the evidence of opposite effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline on the striatal firing initiation (Fig. 6, Fig. 7) should not be ignored, because the striatum is related to controlling action timing by regulating the firing increase rate (Tanaka and Kunimatsu, 2011). Although the ligand su

• br Acknowledgements This work was supported by Conselho Naci

  2024-04-01

  

  Acknowledgements This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) FINEP research grant “Rede Instituto Brasil

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